Independencia del perfil antropométrico, atención e inteligencia en estudiantes de educación superior en el ámbito de actividad física de Chile / Independence of the anthropometric profile, attention and intelligence in higher education students in the field of physical activity in Chile

Introducción: la cineantropometría es la ciencia actual que estudia los parámetros corporales en relación con su funcionamiento (por ejemplo, composición corporal, proporcionalidad, somatotipo, etc.), con normas, técnicas y criterios establecidos. Objetivo: relacionar el perfil antropométrico, la atención y la resolución de problemas en estudiantes de educación superior en el ámbito de actividad física de Chile. Método: enfoque cuantitativo-correlacional, diseño no experimental y de corte transversal. Resultados: no existe una relación significativa entre la composición corporal (masas corporales) y las pruebas cognitivas (atención y Raven). En relación con los datos antropométricos (composición corporal), no se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos sexos para ningún parámetro. Conclusión: se deduce que los resultados de los factores cognitivos pueden estar asociados a otras variables, y no específicamente a las variables que pueden afectar los parámetros antropométricos. Estos temas son muy interesantes para próximos estudios, por lo que se sugiere seguir estudiando las habilidades cognitivas con otras variables. (AU)

Introduction: kinanthropometry is the current science that studies body parameters in relation to its functioning (such as body composition, proportionality, somatotype, etc.), with established norms, techniques and criteria. Objective: to relate anthropometric profile, attention and problem solving in higher education students in the field of physical activity in Chile. Method: quantitative-correlational approach, with non-experimental and cross-sectional design. Results: there is no significant relationship between body composition (body masses) and cognitive tests (attention and Raven). Regarding anthropometric data (body composition), no significant differences were observed between the sexes for any parameter. Conclusion: it can be deduced that the results of the cognitive factors may be associated with other variables, and not specifically with the variables that may affect anthropometric parameters. These are very interesting topics for future studies, so it is suggested to continue studying cognitive abilities with other variables. (AU)

The Influence of Morphological Characteristics on the Ball Throwing Velocity in the Professional Handball Players / Influencia de las Características Morfológicas en la Velocidad de Lanzamiento del Balón en los Jugadores Profesionales de Balonmano

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine influence of upper limbs on the ball throwing velocity. A total of 10 professional handball players (25.74±4.84 years) participated in this study. All of them were playing in the top Montenegrin professional handball league. The results obtained in this study shows that upper limbs have high influence on ball throwing velocity. This study provides normative data and performance standards for professional handball. Coaches can use this information to determine the type of anthropometric characteristics that are needed for handball. Anthropometric parameters such as arm length, wrist diameter, hand length and arm span are the most relevant aspects related to ball throwing speed, given that these parameters cannot be changed through training, they should be taken into account when discovering talents.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de los miembros superiores sobre la velocidad de lanzamiento de la pelota. En el estudio participaron un total de 10 jugadores profesionales de balonmano (25,74±4,84 años). Todos ellos jugaban en la principal liga profesional de balonmano de Montenegro. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los miembros superiores tienen una alta influencia en la velocidad de lanzamiento de la pelota. Este estudio proporciona datos normativos y estándares de rendimiento para el balonmano profesional. Los entrenadores pueden utilizar esta información para determinar el tipo de características antropométricas necesarias para el balonmano. Los parámetros antropométricos como la longitud del brazo, el diámetro de la muñeca, la longitud de la mano y la envergadura del brazo son los aspectos más relevantes relacionados con la velocidad de lanzamiento de la pelota, dado que estos parámetros no se pueden cambiar mediante el entrenamiento, deben tenerse en consideración a la hora de descubrir talentos.

Influence of Pokémon Go Playing Style on Physical Activity and Its Effect on Kinanthropometry Variables and Body Composition in Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Pokémon Go is a mobile app that offers both continuous and intermittent (gamified) gameplay, but no previous research in adolescents is known to have addressed changes in physical activity and body composition according to playing style. For this reason, the aims of the present investigation were (1) to establish the differences in the level of physical activity, and its influence on the kinanthropometric and body composition, of the adolescent population, considering their Pokémon Go playing style; and (2) to analyze whether the practice of previous physical activity has an influence on the effects of the use of Pokémon Go on the level of physical activity and changes in kinanthropometric and body composition variables. METHODS: A total of 94 adolescents (50 males and 44 females; mean age: 13.66 [1.17] years-old; mean body mass index: 20.82 [4.03] kg/m2) whose physical activity level and body composition were measured, participated in the investigation. Two groups of adolescents completed a 10-week intervention using Pokémon Go continuously (n = 30) or intermittently (n = 31), while the control group (n = 33) did not use any after-school app. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a multivariate analysis of variance, and 2 repeated-measures ANOVA were performed to analyze the data. RESULTS: Inactive adolescents in the continuous use group increased their physical activity between the pretest and posttest (P = .038), but this did not occur in the active group. Regarding body composition variables, the increase in body mass (P < .001) and body mass index (P = .006) in the control group was significantly higher than in the continuous use group of adolescents who were inactive, but not in the active group, while the decrease in fat mass (P < .001-.036) and sum of 3 skinfolds (P < .001-.003) was significantly higher in both Pokémon Go use groups as compared to the control group, regardless of the previous physical activity level. CONCLUSIONS: The continuous style of play seems to be more effective in increasing physical activity in adolescents, but the changes in body composition and kinanthropometric variables occur similarly with continuous and intermittent gameplay. Therefore, the playful use of Pokémon Go can be used in educational and health fields to produce changes in body composition in this population.

A Comprehensive Method of Assessing Body Composition Using Kinanthropometry in Human Performance Training.

Nutrition is an essential component of Human Performance Optimization in Special Operations Forces (SOF) to enhance physical and mental performance, unit readiness, and mission success. Body composition is frequently used to monitor individual nutrition progress; however, using body fat percentage is limited both by the accuracy of the assessment method and its association with SOF relevant performance outcomes. Lower body fat and/or body mass index have generally, but not universally, been correlated with higher levels of physical performance, yet they poorly predict performance in military relevant tasks. As a complement to body fat, many performance dietitians in the SOF Human Performance Programs utilize the International Society for Advanced Kinanthropometry (ISAK) profile to assess body composition, proportionality, ratio of muscle to bone, and somatotype in combat Operators. Kinanthropometry is the study of human size, shape, proportion, composition, maturation, and gross function, and it is a helpful tool for monitoring nutrition and training progress in athletes and active individuals. The ISAK profile has been well established as an international method for talent identification, distinguishing characteristics between athletes across and within elite sports, and identifying predictors of sport performance that can be applied in the military setting. While some SOF dietitians are utilizing the ISAK profile, the challenge lies in translating sport data to military relevant outcomes. We present a series of four case studies demonstrating the utility of this method as a portable comprehensive assessment for cross-sectional and longitudinal body composition tracking in a military setting.

Perfil antropométrico de la selección madrileña (España) de fútbol femenino SUB-16 y SUB-18 / Anthropometric Profile of the Madrid Women's Soccer Team U-16 and U-18

Durante la temporada 2017-2018 y siguiendo el protocolo de la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría, se evaluó la composición corporal el somatotipo y proporcionalidad de 25 jugadoras españolas de elite de 15-18 años (15,48 ± 1,05). El porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) analizado por antropometría estuvo en un rango de 14,21% - 17,30 % y mediante BIA entre 24,20%-29,63%. La menor adiposidad correspondió a jugadoras de banda y la mayor a porteras y delanteras. El somatotipo medio fue 3,67-4,10-1,90 para el conjunto de la muestra; En la categoría sub-18 (3,10-4,33-1,82) la dispersión somatotípica fue menor y la mesomorfia mayor que en la categoría Sub 16 (3,20-3,97-1,95). En análisis de proporcionalidad, mostro que las jugadoras, sobre todo las Sub18, presentan menores pliegues subcutáneos y mayores perímetros en la extremidad inferior que el modelo Phantom. (AU)

During the 2017-2018 season and following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kineanthropometry, the body composition, somatotype and proportionality of 25 female elite Spanish soccers players aged 15-18 were evaluated (15.48 ± 1.05). The percentage of body fat (%BF) analyzed by anthropometry was in the range of 14.21% - 17.30% and by BIA between 24.20%- 29.63%. The lowest adiposity corresponded to female wing players and the highest to female goalkeepers and strikers. The average somatotype was 3.67-4.10-1.90 for the whole sample; in the under 18 years category (3.10-4.33-1.82) the somatotypic dispersion was lower and the mesomorphia higher than in the under 16 years category (3.20-3.97-1.95). In proportionality analysis, it showed that the players, especially the under 18 players, had lower subcutaneous skinfolds and higher perimeters in the lower limb than the Phanton model. (AU)

Comparison of kinanthropometric profiles of elite Turkish taekwondo players with or without medals in European championships / Comparación de perfiles cineantropométricos de peleadores turcos de élite de taekwondo con o sin medallas en campeonatos europeos

SUMMARY: This study aims to determine the possible differences anthropometric characteristics and body composition profiles of elite taekwondo players with or without medals in European championships. Twenty-one black-belt elite taekwondo athletes (17.4±1.2 years) from the Turkish national team were divided into two groups, namely, medalists (MEC; n =11) and non-medalists (NmEC; n=10) in European championships. Twenty-eight anthropometric measurements including height, body mass, length, circumferences, breadth, and skinfolds were taken following the standard techniques proposed by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Body composition variables were evaluated by using skinfold thickness measurements. Results demonstrated that anthropometric and body composition, variables did not differ significantly between medalist and non-medalist taekwondo players (p>0.01). Our athletes have a low percentage of body fat and high muscle mass profile. Medalist and non-medalist elite Turkish taekwondo players in the European championships do not differ in terms of anthropometric and body composition components. They have a similar body composition profile suitable for taekwondo players and within acceptable healthy ranges. The present study assists coaches in the formulation of appropriate training programs aiming the development for managing the body composition status of players, which will be associated with high-level performance in taekwondo. Future studies should include body composition and somatotype profile inspection throughout the weight categories.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las posibles diferencias antropométricas y perfiles de composición corporal de los peleadores de taekwondo de élite, con o sin medallas en campeonatos europeos. Veintiún atletas de taekwondo de élite de cinturón negro (17,4 ± 1,2 años) del equipo nacional turco se dividieron en dos grupos, medallistas (MEC; n = 11) y no medallistas (NmEC; n = 10). Se tomaron veintiocho medidas antropométricas incluyendo altura, masa corporal, longitud, circunferencias, ancho y pliegues cutáneos siguiendo las técnicas estándar sugeridas por la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK). Las variables de composición corporal se evaluaron mediante mediciones del grosor de los pliegues cutáneos. Los resultados demostraron que las variables antropométricas y de composición corporal no difirieron significativamente entre los jugadores de taekwondo medallistas y no medallistas (p> 0,01). Nuestros deportistas tienen un bajo porcentaje de grasa corporal y un alto perfil de masa muscular. Los medallistas y no medallistas de taekwondo turcos de élite en los campeonatos europeos no difieren en términos de components antropométricos y de composición corporal. Tienen un perfil de composición corporal similar adecuado para peleadores de taekwondo y dentro de rangos saludables aceptables. El presente estudio ayuda a los entrenadores en la formulación de programas de entrenamiento apropiados que apunten al desarrollo para manejar el estado de la composición corporal de los peleadores, lo que se asociará con un rendimiento de alto nivel en taekwondo. Los estudios futuros deben incluir la inspección de la composición corporal y el perfil del somatotipo en todas las categorías de peso.

Associação entre insatisfação com a imagem corporal e indicadores antropométricos de obesidade em escolares do sul do brasil / Association between body image dissatisfaction and anthropometric indicators of obesity in students from southern brazil

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a associação entre a insatisfação com a imagem corporal, por excesso de peso e pela magreza, e diferentes indicadores antropométricos de obesidade em adolescentes do sul do Brasil. Caracterizou-se com um estudo transversal, realizado na cidade de Criciúma ­ SC, com 575 adolescentes de 11 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos. A imagem corporal foi avaliada por meio de escala de silhuetas. Os indicadores antropométricos de obesidade Índice de Massa Corporal, Relação Cintura-Estatura, Perímetro da Cintura e Índice de Conicidade foram avaliados conforme protocolo da Sociedade internacional para o Avanço da Cineantropometria. Adolescentes do sexo masculino, de 11 a 13 anos insatisfeitos pela magreza, apresentaram menores chances de ter Relação Cintura-Estatura elevada (RC: 0,1; IC95%: 0,04 - 0,51) e maiores chances de ter Índice de Conicidade elevado (RC: 4,4; IC95%:1,28-15,20) quando comparados com adolescentes satisfeitos com a imagem corporal. Adolescentes do sexo feminino, de 11 a 13 anos insatisfeitas pela magreza, apresentaram menores chances de ter Índice de Massa Corporal (RC: 0,1; IC95%: 0,02 - 0,58) e Índice de Conicidade (RC: 0,2; IC95%: 0,05 - 0,94) elevados e maiores chances de ter Relação Cintura-Estatura elevada (RC: 23,6; IC95%: 3,35-166,85) quando comparadas às adolescentes satisfeitas com a imagem corporal. Concluiu-se que existe associação entre a imagem corporal e indicadores antropométricos de obesidade para adolescentes de 11 a 13 anos, principalmente nos insatisfeitos pela magreza. No sexo masculino, distintos indicadores antropométricos de obesidade abdominal trazem interpretações distintas na associação com a imagem corporal. No sexo feminino, indica distorção da própria imagem corporal, que pode levar as adolescentes a adotarem comportamentos alimentares inadequados, levando à riscos à sua saúde. (AU)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between body image dissatisfaction due to overweight and thinness and different anthropometric indicators of obesity in adolescents from southern Brazil. Characterized as a Cross - sectional study conducted in the city of Criciúma - SC, with 575 adolescents aged 11-17 years of both sexes. Body image was assessed by a silhouette scale. Anthropometric indicators of obesity body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference and conicity index were evaluated according to the International Society for the Advancement of Kinantropometry protocol. Male adolescents aged 11-13 years dissatisfied due to thinness, were less likely of having high waist-to-height ratio (OR: 0.1; 95% CI: 0.04 - 0.51) and more likely of having elevated conicity index (OR: 4.4; 95% CI: 1.28-15.20) when compared to adolescents satisfied with their body image. Female adolescents aged 11-13 years dissatisfied due to thinness were less likely of having high body mass index (OR: 0.1; 95% CI: 0.02 - 0.58) and conicity index (OR: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.05 - 0.94) and more likely of having high waist-to-height ratio (OR: 23.6; 95% CI: 3.35-166.85) when compared to adolescents satisfied with their body image. Concluded that there is an association between body image and anthropometric indicators of obesity for adolescents aged 11-13 years, especially those dissatisfied due to thinness. In males, different anthropometric indicators of abdominal obesity bring different interpretations in association with body image. In females, it indicates distortion of their own body image, which can lead adolescents to adopt inappropriate eating behaviors, leading to health risks. (AU)

Análisis y asociación entre las características antropométricas, somatotipo y capacidad cardiovascular en corredores de montaña de categoría amateur: un estudio piloto / Assessment and relationship among anthropometric characteristics, somatotype and cardiovascular capacity in amateur trail runners: a pilot study

Objetivo: Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron describir las características antropométricas y la capacidad cardiovascularde corredores amateurs de trail running de corta distancia y analizar si existe asociación entre las características antropométricas y la capacidad cardiovascular en los corredores de montaña. Material y método: A un grupo de 10 corredores de trail running de corta distancia de categoría amateur se les realizó unanálisis antropométrico y un test incremental máximo con un 10% de inclinación en tapiz rodante. Resultados: Se encontraron correlaciones significativas y negativas entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la velocidadalcanzada al primer umbral ventilatorio (Vel VT1) (r = -0,95, p < 0,001), así como con el tiempo en alcanzar el VT1 (t VT1) (r = -0,91,p = 0,002) y entre porcentaje (%) de grasa corporal y el índice de intercambio respiratorio al segundo umbral ventilatorio(RERVT2) (r = -0,80, p = 0,016) así como con el tiempo en alcanzar el VT2 (t VT2) (r = -0,83, p < 0,01). También se encontraron correlaciones significativas y positivas entre el perímetro de pierna y el consumo de oxígeno al VT1 (VO2 VT1) (r = 0,74, p = 0,037),el consumo de oxígeno al VT2 (VO2 VT2) (r = 0,90, p = 0,002) y el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2 max) (r = 0,85, p = 0,007). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio ponen de manifiesto que tanto el % de grasa corporal comoel perímetro de la pierna pueden estar asociados al rendimiento en una prueba incremental con inclinación en los corredoresamateur de montaña participantes en el estudio.(AU)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the anthropometrical and cardiovascular characteristics of short course trailrunners and analyze the associations, if any, between both anthropometric and cardiovascular features of amateur trail runners. Material and method: Anthropometrical evaluation and an incremental maximum test with 10% of grade on a treadmillwere performed on a group of 10 short distance amateur trail runners. Results: Significant negative correlations were found between the body max index (BMI) and the speed at VT1 (Vel VT1)(r = -0,95, p < 0,001), or the time to reach VT1 (r = -0,91, p = 0,002) and between the body fat percentage and the respiratoryexchange ratio at VT2 (r = -0,80, p = 0,016) or the time to reach VT2 (r = -0,83, p = 0,01). Calf circumference was also foundto be positively associated with oxygen consumption at VT1 (r = 0,74, p = 0,037), at VT2 (r = 0,90, p = 0,002) and with themaximal oxygen uptake (r = 0,85, p = 0,007). Conclusions: Results indicate that both body fat percentage and calf circumference could be related to the performance onan incremental test protocol with inclination in amateur trail runners.(AU)

Análise cinemática da marcha com medidas normalizadas e não-normalizadas em indivíduos hígidos: um estudo experimental / Kinematic gait analysis with normalized and non-normalized measurements in healthy individuals: an experimental study

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as possíveis relações entre a variável antropométrica comprimento dos membros inferiores e de passada na marcha, com valores naturais e normalizados, em velocidade auto-selecionada e acrescida de 50%, em indivíduos adultos jovens. Foram avaliados 32 sujeitos hígidos adultos entre 18-25 anos. Os deslocamentos corporais nas duas velocidades foram registrados através da técnica de cineantropometria, utilizando o software Skillspector® para quantificar o comprimento da passada entre as médias dos dados normalizadas e não-normalizadas, do segmento direito e do segmento esquerdo. A comparação entre os valores médios das passadas normalizadas e não-normalizadas, nas diferentes velocidades, foi realizada por meio do teste t student (p < 0,05), assim como o grau de associação entre o comprimento da passada e o comprimento do membro inferior, realizada pelo teste de correlação de Pearson (p < 0,05). Sendo assim, nosso estudo constatou uma correlação positiva entre as variáveis estudadas, nas duas velocidades e, uma diferença entre a passada com dados normalizados e não normalizados, em ambas as velocidades. (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the possible relationships between the anthropometric variable length of the lower limbs and gait stride, with natural and normalized values, at self-selected speed and increased by 50%, in young adult individuals. 32 healthy adult subjects aged 18-25 years were evaluated. Body movements at both speeds were recorded using the kinanthropometry technique, using the Skillspector® software to quantify the stride length between the normalized and nonnormalized data averages for the right and left segments. The comparison between the mean values of normalized and non-normalized strides, at different speeds, was performed using the Student t test (p < 0.05), as well as the degree of association between stride length and lower limb length, performed by the Pearson correlation test (p < 0.05). Thus, our study found a positive correlation between the variables studied, at both speeds, and a difference between the stride with normalized and non-normalized data, at both speeds. (AU)

Kinanthropometric assessment of individual, collective and fight sport players from the Spanish national sport technification program / Evaluación cineantropométrica en deportistas individuales, colectivos y de lucha, del programa nacional español de tecnificación deportiva

Nowadays, the study of kinanthropometric parameters is an important tool for both early talent selection and for evaluating the efficacy of a training program. This study aimed to determine the anthropometric characteristics, body composition indicators and somatotype components of individual (athletics, swimming and triathlon), collective (handball and volleyball) and fight (karate and taekwondo) sportsmen and sportswomen from the Valencian Sports Technification Centre. This study involved a total of 62 men and 56 women, they were divided in three subgroups, including individual (athletics, swimming and triathlon), collective (handball and volleyball) and fight (karate and taekwondo) sports. The assessment was carried out according to the one established by the International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). For men, the highest value of femur breath, ectomorphy and medial calf and front thigh skinfolds are obtained for triathletes, athletics, volleyball and karate, respectively. The highest values of triceps, biceps and abdominal skinfolds, relaxed arm girth, endomorphy and body fat percentage are shown for taekwondo, while the other highest values are obtained with handball. For women, the highest value of ectomorphy is obtained for athletics. The identified kinanthropometric parameters are useful when comparing between sports and sports subgroups for the selection of subjects and to help in their performance assessment.

En la actualidad, el estudio de los parámetros cineantropométricos es una herramienta importante tanto para la selección temprana del talento como para evaluar la eficacia de un programa de capacitación. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las características antropométricas, los indicadores de composición corporal y los componentes somatotípicos de deportistas y deportistas individuales (atletismo, natación y triatlón), colectivos (balonmano y voleibol) y de lucha (karate y taekwondo) del Centro Valenciano de Tecnificación Deportiva. Este estudio involucró a un total de 62 hombres y 56 mujeres, se dividieron en tres subgrupos, que incluyen deportes individuales (atletismo, natación y triatlón), colectivos (balonmano y voleibol) y peleas (karate y taekwondo). La evaluación se realizó de acuerdo con la establecida por la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK). Para los hombres, el valor más alto de la respiración del fémur, la ectomorfia y los pliegues de la pantorrilla y el muslo frontal se obtienen para triatletas, atletismo, voleibol y karate, respectivamente. Los valores más altos de tríceps, bíceps y pliegues abdominales, circunferencia relajada del brazo, endomorfia y porcentaje de grasa corporal se muestran para el taekwondo, mientras que los otros valores más altos se obtienen con balonmano. Para las mujeres, el mayor valor de la ectomorfía se obtiene para el atletismo. Los parámetros cineantropométricos identificados son útiles cuando se comparan entre deportes y subgrupos deportivos para la selección de sujetos y para ayudar en su evaluación del rendimiento.

Predicting Growth Quantitatively Through Proximal Tibia Radiograph Markers.

BACKGROUND: The creation of accurate markers for skeletal maturity has been of significant interest to orthopaedic surgeons. They guide the management of diverse disorders such as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, leg length discrepancy, cruciate ligament injuries, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Multiple systems have been described to predict growth using radiographic skeletal markers; however, no such system has yet been developed for the proximal tibia. The purpose of this study was to establish quantitative radiographic parameters within the proximal tibia that can be used to assess degree of skeletal maturity. METHODS: From the Bolton Brush collection, 94 children, consisting of 49 girls and 4 boys between the ages of 3 and 18 years old, were followed annually throughout growth with serial radiographs and physical examinations. Final height at maturity was used to calculate the growth remaining at each visit. Multiple measurements for each knee radiograph were performed and correlated with the percentage of growth remaining. Tibial epiphysis width, tibial metaphysis width, and height of the lateral tibial epiphysis were measured on each film and the composite ratios between each of these sets of variables along with their respective accuracy and reliability were calculated. Single and multiple linear regression models were constructed to determine accuracy of prediction. Interobserver and intraobserver studies were performed with 4 investigators ranging from medical student to senior attending and calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. All 4 examiners measured all of the subjects and the ratios created were averaged. RESULTS: Tibial epiphysis width, tibial metaphysis width, and height of the lateral tibial epiphysis were all found to be strongly correlated with growth remaining with R values ranging from 0.57 to 0.84. In addition, all 3 ratios were found to be reliable with intraobserver and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.92 to 0.94 and 0.80 to 0.94, respectively. A multiple linear regression model demonstrated that combining these 3 ratios allows for a predictive R value of 0.917, showing that these ratios when combined were highly predictive of growth remaining. All findings were independent of sex (P=0.996). CONCLUSIONS: We describe 3 measurements that can easily be obtained on an anteroposterior radiograph of the knee. We demonstrate that ratios of these variables can be measured reliably and correlate closely with remaining growth, independent of sex. Together, we believe that these factors will improve the accuracy of determining growth from lower extremity radiographs that include the proximal tibia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provides a new quantitative technique to evaluate growth in the lower extremity, which can inform a range of conditions including adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, leg length discrepancy, cruciate ligament injury, and slipped capital femoral epiphyses.

Entrenamiento de fuerza mediante rutinas divididas versus rutinas de cuerpo completo en personas desentrenadas. Un estudio aleatorizado / Strength training through split body routines versus full body routines in untrained individuals. A randomized study

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existen numerosas investigaciones científicas en las que se han analizado los componentes de la carga del entrenamiento de fuerza, y las numerosas variables que condicionan el desarrollo de esta capacidad. En cambio, son pocos los estudios en los que se ha contrastado la eficacia de los entrenamientos de cuerpo completo frente a las rutinas divididas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar cuál de los dos es más eficaz a la hora de mejorar los parámetros de fuerza y cineantropométricos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: 28 estudiantes universitarios de sexo masculino sin experiencia previa en el entrenamiento de fuerza fueron finalmente incluidos en este estudio y asignados aleatoriamente a dos grupos de entrenamiento de fuerza diferentes: Entrenamiento de cuerpo completo (GECC) y entrenamiento con rutina dividida (GERD). Se compararon los porcentajes de cambio (pre-post) intra e intergrupo mediante pruebas no paramétricas. RESULTADOS: Finalizada la intervención de ocho semanas, el GECC mejoró de forma significativa el porcentaje de grasa (p = 0,028), y la fuerza en el tren superior (p = 0,008), e inferior (p = 0,043). En el GERD se produjeron mejoras significativas en el porcentaje de grasa (p = 0,006), en el tejido magro (p = 0,011), y en la fuerza en el tren superior (p = 0,031), e inferior (p = 0,048). Sin embargo, no existieron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en ninguna de las mejoras alcanzadas en los parámetros de fuerza y cineantropométricos evaluados. CONCLUSIÓN: Tanto las rutinas divididas como las de cuerpo completo permiten mejorar los niveles de fuerza y los parámetros cineantropométricos en estudiantes universitarios sin experiencia previa en el entrenamiento de fuerza. Sin embargo, ninguna de las dos estructuras de entrenamiento es significativamente más eficaz que la otra a la hora de mejorar los mencionados parámetros

INTRODUCTION: There are numerous scientific studies in which the components of resistance training load have been analyzed, as well as many variables that condition the development of muscular strength. However, only a few studies compared the effectiveness of full body workouts and split body routines. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine which of them is more effective in increasing both muscular strength levels and kinanthropometric parameters. METHODS: 28 male university students without previous experience in strength training were finally included in the present study. They were randomly assigned to two different training groups: Full body workout group (GECC) and split body routine group (GERD). Intra- and inter-group differences in percentage changes (pre-post) were assessed using non-parametric tests. RESULTS: After the completion of an 8-week intervention period, significant improvements in body fat percentage (p = 0.028), levels of muscular strength on the upper body (p = 0.008) and on the lower body (p = 0.043) were observed in the GECC. Similarly, significant improvements in body fat percentage (p = 0.006), lean body mass (p = 0.011) and upper body (p = 0.031) and lower body levels of muscular strength (p = 0.048) were reported in the GERD. However, no significant differences between groups were found neither in the strength tests performed, nor in the Kineanthropometric parameters evaluated. CONCLUSION: Both split and full body routines are useful to improve strength levels and kinanthropometric parameters in college students with no previous experience in strength training. However, neither of the two structures is significantly more effective than the other one when it comes to improving the above-mentioned parameters

Aptidão física relacionada à saúde de policiais militares da Paraíba / Health­related physical fitness of military police officers in Paraiba, Brazil

Introdução: Boas relações entre os componentes da aptidão física relacionada à saúde (AFRS) melhoram o desempenho da atividade ocupacional de policiais militares. Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre componentes da AFRS em policiais militares do Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais (BOPE) e do Batalhão de Policiamento de Trânsito (BPTRAN). Método: Participaram do estudo 47 policiais com idades entre 26 e 49 anos do sexo masculino fracionados em dois grupos: BOPE (n=25) e o BPTRAN (n=22). Foi realizada uma bateria de testes: medidas antropométricas, teste de sentar-e-alcançar no banco de Wells, teste de abdominal de 1 minuto, teste de flexão dos cotovelos e teste vai-e-vem de 20 metros, para avaliar os componentes morfológico, cardiorrespiratório e neuromuscular da AFRS. Resultados: Ambos os grupos obtiveram de moderada à forte correlação negativa significante em relação à circunferência de cintura (CC), índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e percentual de gordura (PG) com a resistência muscular localizada (RML) (r=-0,589; r=-0,404; r=-0,637) e a força muscular dinâmica (FD) (r=0,592; r=-0,416; r=-0,651) (p<0,05). Contudo, houve correlações positivas e negativas significantes entre o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx) e as variáveis CC, IMC, PG e RML (p<0,05), exceto para flexibilidade no BOPE. Conclusão: Existe uma forte correlação entre os componentes morfológico, cardiorrespiratório e neuromuscular, exceto para a flexibilidade em PMs do BOPE. Tal fato permite afirmar que a AFRS é uma variável global

Background: An adequate relationship among health­related physical fitness (HRPF) components improve the professional performance of military police officers (MOPs). Objective: To investigate the correlation among HRPF components for Special Police Operations (BOPE) and Traffic Police (BPTRAN) Battalion MOPs. Method: The sample comprised 47 male MOPs aged 26 to 49 years old divided in two groups BOPE (N=25) and BPTRAN (n=22). The participants were subjected to a test battery­anthropometric measurements, sit­and­ reach test, 1-minute sit­up test, elbow flexion test, and 20­meter shuttle run test­for evaluation of the HRPF morphological, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular components. Results: Both groups exhibited moderate­to­strong correlation of waste circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP) with localized muscle resistance (LMR) (r=-0.589; r=-0.404; r=-0.637) and dynamic muscle strength (DMS) (r=0.592; r=-0.416; r=-0.651) (p<0.05). Significant positive and negative correlation was found between maximum oxygen consumption and WC, BMI, BFP and LMR (p<0.05) but not with flexibility for BOPE. Conclusion: There was strong correlation between the HRPF morphological, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular components, except for flexibility among BOPE MPOs. The study findings allow inferring that HRPF is a global variable

Índice cobertura POS: procedimiento de medición de la relación entre balón y mano / POS. Coverage index: measurement procedure of the relationship between ball and hand

Este trabajo diseña un novedoso procedimiento de medición que relaciona el tamaño de la mano y el tamaño del balón. Se detalla este procedimiento ideado para la determinación del «Índice de Cobertura de la Mano Porras, Oliver, Sosa» (I.C.M.P.O.S.) sobre el balón. A partir de tres medidas obtenidas de la mano dominante de los deportistas con la mano en máxima apertura tomadas sobre un plano, calcularemos sus coordenadas en el espacio, y las aplicaremos sobre la esfera del balón. Posteriormente, a través de una fórmula, y teniendo en cuenta el valor central de la medida de la circunferencia del balón del deporte y de la categoría deportiva correspondiente, podremos conocer el Índice de Cobertura de la mano del deportista sobre el balón, o cantidad del balón que un deportista es capaz de abarcar con su mano completamente abierta respecto a la media esfera del balón de su categoría deportiva (AU)

This paper designs a novel measurement procedure that relates the size of the hand and the size of the ball. This procedure was devised in order to determine the «Hand Coverage Index of Porras, Oliver, Sosa» (H.C.I.P.O.S.) on the ball. Using three measurements obtained from the dominant hand of athletes with the hand on its maximum aperture taken on a flat plane, we calculated their coordinates in space, and their applications on the sphere of the ball. Subsequently, through a formula, and taking into account the central value of the measurement of the circumference of the ball and the corresponding sport category, we will be able to know the Hand Coverage Index of the athlete over the ball, or the surface of the ball that an athlete is able to cover with his fully open hand with respect to the the sphere of the ball of his sport category (AU)

Trunk deformity evaluation based on 3D measurements of front body surface landmarks in people with severe physical disabilities.

PURPOSE: To assess reliability and validity of a trunk deformity evaluation method expressed as rotational and lateral lean angles between the upper and the lower trunk and between the lower trunk and the pelvis using 3D positions of six front body surface landmarks. METHODS: Inter- and intra-rater reliabilities of the proposed method in adults with typical development (n = 22) were assessed, and its validity was also assessed through correlations between the Cobb angle and the analyzed trunk deformity parameters in adults with severe physical disabilities (n = 22). RESULTS: The mean differences between two raters and between the initial and second measures were within 2°. Moderate correlations were found between the Cobb angle and both the upper and the lower trunk lateral lean angle and the upper trunk rotation angle. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed trunk deformity evaluation appears to be a reliable and valid approach for bedridden people with physical disabilities.

Anthropometric characteristics of elite rhythmic gymnasts / Características antropométricas de gimnastas rítmicas de elite

The main aim of this study was to identify the morphological characteristics, to determine the tendency in the physical structure, differences and similarities according to categories based on age of the Chilean team of Rhythmic Gymnastics. We performed an anthropometric analysis of 60 gymnasts, fractioned by categories: preschoolers and schoolers (n= 11), junior (n= 28) and senior (n= 21). The anthropometric analysis was determined based on the study of the body composition, through pentacompartimental fractionation method (Kerr), somatotype (Heath & Carter) and the body mass index (Quetelet). The results showed significant differences between preschoolers and schoolers and higher categories (junior and senior) in the general anthropometric variables of body mass, height and BMI. Regarding the body composition, we only found significant differences in the percentage of muscle mass between the preschoolers and schoolers when being compared with the other two categories. In the study of somatotype, the prevalence of ectomorphic categorization was only found in the preschoolers and schoolers (meso-ectomorph), while in the junior category a mesomorph-ectomorph somatotype was observed and a central type in the senior category. We conclude that the morphology of the selected Chilean Rhythmic gymnastics depends on the category, as observed in the anthropometric characteristics related to the body composition and somatotype. Therefore, this factor is not useful in establishing a clearer tendency in the morph structure for this sport at a national level.

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue identificar las características morfológicas para determinar la tendencia de la estructura física, las diferencias y similitudes de acuerdo con las categorías basadas en la edad de la Selección Chilena de Gimnasia Rítmica. Se realizó un análisis antropométrico de 60 gimnastas, fraccionado por categorías: preescolares y escolares (n = 11), junior (n = 28) y senior (n = 21). El análisis antropométrico se determinó en base al estudio de la composición corporal, a través del método de fraccionamiento pentacompartimental (Kerr), del somatotipo (Heath & Carter) y el índice de masa corporal (Quetelet). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre los niños preescolares y escolares y las categorías superiores (junior y senior) en las variables antropométricas generales de masa corporal, altura e IMC. En cuanto a la composición corporal, sólo encontramos diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de masa muscular entre los preescolares y escolares, cuando se comparan con las otras dos categorías. En el estudio del somatotipo, la prevalencia de la categorización ectomórfica solamente se encontró en los niños preescolares y escolares (meso-ectomorfo), mientras que en la categoría junior se observó un somatotipo mesomorfo-ectomorfo y un tipo central en la categoría senior. En conclusión, la morfología de los seleccionados de gimnasia rítmica chilena depende de la categoría, como se observa en las características antropométricas, relacionados con la composición corporal y el somatotipo. Por lo tanto, este factor no es útil para establecer una tendencia clara en la estructura morfológica para este deporte a nivel nacional.

Intercondylar Roof Inclination Angle: Is It a Risk Factor for ACL Tears or Tibial Spine Fractures?

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the angle of inclination of the intercondylar roof [roof inclination angle (RIA)] and likelihood of knee injury has not been previously investigated in children. METHODS: Twenty-five skeletally immature patients with a tibial spine fracture were age matched (±1 y) and sex matched with 25 patients with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and with 50 control knees (2 for each patient). Demographic and diagnostic information was collected, and radiographic measurements were performed on notch and lateral radiographs of the knee. RESULTS: Patients with a tibial spine fracture had an increased RIA compared with controls and patients with an ACL tear. Patients with ACL tears had a steeper notch roof, as indicated by a decreased RIA when compared with controls and patients with tibial spine fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that a decreased RIA was associated with ACL tear and that an increased RIA was associated with tibial spine fracture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-prognostic.

Functional Assessment in Tibial Hemimelia (Can We Also Save the Foot in Reconstruction?).

BACKGROUND: The congenital absence of the tibia is a rare disease, and an orthopaedic surgeon may not encounter such cases during the course of his/her career. This is the largest report to date of the management of such cases by a single surgeon. The foot and leg were persevered in the majority of the cases, and a functional evaluation system was used to report outcomes. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with tibial hemimelia, who had been under the direct care of the authors since infancy, were evaluated clinically and radiographically. The patients or their parents filled out the Pediatric Quality of Life and the parents' satisfaction forms. The surgical interventions performed, and their effects on school attendance and, and also the shoe type they wore were documented. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (19 girls and 17 boys) with 48 tibial-deficient limbs (19 right, 5 left, and 12 both right and left sides) were studied. The patients were assessed at 12 years (2.5 to 32.5 y), with a mean follow-up of 9 years (2 to 23 y). The 48 limbs included 14 type I, 16 type II, 11 type IV, and 7 unclassified by using the Jones classification; and 6 type I, 11 type II, 16 type III, 1 type IV, and 14 type VII by using the Weber classification. Primary amputation was performed in 8 patients (10 limbs) and limb preservation surgeries on 38 legs (28 patients). Tibiofibular synostosis, centralization of the ankle, and Ilizarov lengthening were the most common procedures. Nonunion of tibiofibular synostosis (2 cases) and knee stiffness (6 cases) were the main complications. Among the reconstructed limbs, 12 were in regular and 18 in modified shoes. The Pediatric Quality of Life of 68 points in the reconstructed group was a significant achievement, and it was also better than the score of patients who had undergone amputation. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction of tibial hemimelia with foot preservation provides good functional outcome in the majority of cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Lumbopelvic motor control and low back pain in elite soccer players: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the history of low back pain and quality of lumbopelvic motor control in soccer players. Forty-three male elite soccer players (mean age, 18.2 ± 1.4 years) filled in questionnaires related to low back pain and attended a session to assess lumbopelvic motor control by means of five tests (the bent knee fall out test, the knee lift abdominal test, the sitting knee extension test, the waiter's bow and the transversus abdominis test). A physiotherapist, blinded to the medical history of the participants, scored (0 = failed, 1 = correct) the performance of the players for each of the tests resulting in a lumbopelvic motor control score ranging from 0 to 5. Forty-seven per cent of the soccer players reported a disabling low back pain episode lasting at least two consecutive days in the previous year. These players scored worse lumbopelvic motor control than players without a history of low back pain (lumbopelvic motor control score of 1.8 vs. 3.3, P < 0.01). The between-groups difference was particularly marked for the bent knee fall out test, the knee lift abdominal test and the transversus abdominis test (P < 0.01). In conclusion, most soccer players with a history of low back pain had an altered lumbopelvic motor control. Further research should examine whether lumbopelvic motor control is etiologically involved in low back pain episodes in soccer players.

The effects of a reformer Pilates program on body composition and morphological characteristics in active women after a detraining period.

The aim of this quasi-experimental pilot study was to explore the effects of a reformer Pilates program on the anthropometry, body composition, and somatotype of active adult women after a short non-exercise period. Twenty-eight women (mean age: 40.21 ± standard deviation of 8.12 years old) with one to three years of reformer Pilates experience participated in the study. The women participated in a reformer Pilates program for 16 weeks (one hour, twice per week) after 4 weeks of detraining (summer holidays) in 2012. The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry full profile was assessed before and after the intervention program. Significant decreases (p ≤ 0.05) from pre- to post-program were observed for triceps, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf skinfold thicknesses, six and eight skinfold thickness sums, forearm and ankle girths, waist/hip ratio, endomorphy, and fat mass. Significant increases (p ≤ .05) were observed for corrected arm, corrected calf girths, and muscle mass. Generally, women showed a mesomorphic endomorph (endomorphy predominant) and mesomorph-endomorph (endomorphy and mesomorphy predominant) in the pre- and posttests, respectively. In conclusion, the practice of reformer Pilates was associated with healthy changes in anthropometric parameters, body composition, and somatotype in Pilates-experienced women after 4 weeks of no physical exercise.